Why must religion be based on faith rather than on knowledge Research Paper - 1

Why must religion be based on faith rather than on knowledge - Research Paper Example Are these thoughts about God born out of knowledge or out of strong faith? Philosophers contended that the infinity of God cannot be comprehended by the limited capacity of human beings to understand His greatness. Ancient and medieval philosophers have in fact attempted to empirically grasp God’s existence, albeit done purely through intellectual pursuits. Various theological positions were made and written. Augustine of Hippo, who hailed from North Africa and have converted from Manichaenism to Christianity, posited that thought credo ut intelligengiam or ‘I believe so that I may understand.† Such assert that human reason is essential only for those who possess faith and thus, human being’s rational capacity to reason is effective in obtaining general knowledge about the world and of God. He viewed that part of the innate nature of human being is to commit evil acts. This, for him, is integrated in the Divine plan which allowed persons to choose to do good or evil. The unbearable consequences of bad acts always made human beings choose do what is good. Advocate of naturalism perceived that God is everywhere. He is with nature and in the plurality of realities. They argued that God unify everything and can be known through the layers of emanation which flows with the Divine essence. Plato’s philosophy of idealism, on the other hand, made such epistemic principle that God is intangible, an impersonal entity encompassing the causes of all ideas. Plato professed that God is an abstract, timeless and unchanging reality. God is an absolute being and an eternal being (Plato, 2003). He professed that the perception of God separated the physical world from the intelligible realm (Plato, 2003). Thomas Aquinas (1993), also a medieval thinker, argued that theology is not an object of science and is only philosophically pursued by understanding the metaphysics of God’s existence. He however considered the divine thoughts are scribed in a sacred

Dead Poets Society essay Essay Example for Free

Dead Poets Society essay Essay What ideas about discovery are conveyed by Peter Weir’s ‘Dead Poets Society’ and one other text? The process of discovery has the ability to greatly impact an individual resulting in them having new ideas and perceptions on themselves and others. These ideas differ for all individuals as each has their own experiences and develops from them in unique and personal ways. This is clearly evident in the film ‘Dead Poets Society’ by Peter Weir as it is a text which significantly focuses on the concept of contrast. Throughout this concept viewers are allowed an in-depth demonstration of the protagonists Neil Perry and Todd Anderson’s negative and positive experiences which have been caused by their strive to achieve individualism after a new English teacher John Keating introduces his pupils to poetry and free thinking attitude. ‘Firework’ a song co-written and performed by Katy Perry is also a text which conveys that discovery is a process that can lead to enlightenment and enable one to be more acceptant of who they once they disregard the socially constructed expectations that mass media communicates. Throughout Perter Weir’s ‘Dead Poets Society’ viewers are able to understand that discovery itself is a process of transformation that can lead to new ideas which in turn have positive effects on an individual. This can be seen in the scene where Professor Keating educates his students the act of conformity. When Keating states its definition as â€Å"the difficulty of maintaining your own beliefs in the face of others† the audience are able to identify the contrast between the professor Keating and principal Nolan’s attitudes and values towards educations throughout the mise-en-scene displaying Nolan in a small, dark and mysterious room caged by the large steel poles representing the strict and prestigious nature of the institution. This allows the audience to realise that the students are able to better develop their skills when allowed to be free from the forces of conformity the institution brings. When the students are told to find their â€Å" own walk† it clear that they do so to achieve becoming their own unique individual. Furthermore, during the ending of the film a full shot is utilised to capture the majority of students standing on their tables portraying the extent to which professor Keating has made an impact on his pupils. Earlier in the film Keating too stood on his table to â€Å"remind himself to look at things in a different way† hence it can be said that his student are following in his footsteps allowing the professor to depart from  the academy without any regret. Even though discovery may lead to new understandings and perceptions these may not result in positive ways but will also have the ability to result in negative outcomes for both individual and those closes by .As a result of Keating’s newly introduced philosophies, protagonist Neil Perry further endeavours to fulfil his passion and desire to become an actor however does so by forging his father’s signature on a consent form that would allow him to perform his act. When Neil’s father objects to him p ursuing his dreams, he is told that he will â€Å"go to Harvard and become a doctor†. Through the use of the low camera angle looking up towards his father, strong facial expression displaying authority and superiority are apparent. As a result viewers are able to comprehend that Neil is in no position to change or even slightly alter his father’s decision. However, when Neil’s mother advises that he â€Å"get some sleep† a close up of the individuals face presents a mysterious and worrisome smile resulting in the creation of suspense and confusion in the audience. The mise-en-scene displaying a weak and still hand behind a table centimetres away from a gun, viewers are able to reach the tragic conclusion of Neil Perry’s death in a confronting and unexpected way. ‘Firework’ a song co-written and performed by Katy Perry is a text which significantly exemplifies the experience of discovering something that has been concealed by of society and in particular the expectations that are constantly forced upon individuals through mass media that must be disregarded to proceed to the new finding. The music video features a number of characters overcoming numerous social issues such as body image, homosexuality, bullying, the effect of conflict between parents on their children and the acceptance of having a medical illness. Throughout the chorus the term â€Å"firework† is used to symbolise the spark inside all individuals that must first be â€Å"ignited† or in other words believed in to enable them to achieve their goals and accomplish their dreams. Additionally, fireworks are used as visual metaphors to represent the time when one becomes enlightened and acceptant of who they truly are regardless of what society expects of them. In conclusion, both texts ‘Dead Poets Society’ by Peter Weir and ‘Firework’ by Katy Perry complement each other in the sense that they both successfully provide the audience with diverse concepts and ideas of discovery. Whether they may be negative or positive,  each educates viewers in having varying ideas about the consequences that may be caused by ones decision after they access new, original understandings and perceptions of themselves.

Essay on Social Hierarchy in The Tempest -- Tempest essays

Social Hierarchy in The Tempest  Ã‚        Ã‚   During Shakespeare's time social classification was much more rigid than today and some members of society were considered superior to other members. Shakespeare provides an example of this rigid social structure through his play, The Tempest. Shakespeare illustrates how superior men differentiated themselves from lesser beings on the basis of race, financial status, and gender. Through the character of Prospero, Shakespeare provides and example of one, who had reason to feel superior, yet treated others equally and with the respect due to them.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Tempest reflects Shakespeare's society through the relationship between characters, especially between Prospero and Caliban. Caliban, who was the previous king of the island, is taught how to be "civilized" by Prospero and his daughter Miranda. Then he is forced to be their servant. Caliban explains "Thou strok'st me and make much of me; wo... ...lson. "Shakespearian Superman" The Tempest D.J. Palmer (ed.) Macmillan & Co. 1968 Murray, J. Middleton. "Shakespeare's Dream" The Tempest D.J. Palmer (ed.) Macmillan & Co. 1968 Palmer, D.J. Shakespeare's Later Comedies: An Anthology of Modern Criticism. Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1971. Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. 1611. Ed. Stephen Orgel. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Tillyard, E.M. "The Tragic Pattern" The Tempest D.J. Palmer (ed.) Macmillan & Co. 1968   

Fast and Furious Movie Analysis Essay

This scene is the last scene of the movie. It takes place at the old home that the crew lived in when the first movie came out. The crew(Dom, Brian, Letty, Mia, roman, Tej, Han, and Brian’s child) are gathered together in the yard. Starting the scene Roman comes out of the house and tells Tej not to burn the barbeque again(implying that this wasn’t the first time it had happened, with Tej replying that he never burned it before. Then it the scene switches focus to Brian, Mia, and their son in which Brian explains that the house’s air quality and traffic isn’t the best, but he thinks that he will learn to like it. Mia focuses on showing him the garage and explaining that it was the place where he could build his first car with daddy. A few moments after she said that, Dom responds â€Å"First car better be a charger jack†, which Brian gave a confused look to and replied â€Å"You mean a skyline†. Letty chuckles as Dom argues â€Å"Like I said he’s a Toretto†(fact bring that Brian’s last name was O’Connor). O’Connor smiles back and responds â€Å"You’re confusing the kid†, as Dom then asks Mia if she was going to let him get away with those words(even though all this was just playful, loving arguments). The focus goes to Han, Tej, and Roman as they discus Hans plan to move back to Tokyo, something he feels that he has to do because of the plans he made with his girlfriend, whom had died in the earlier scene. Tej wonders if he was really going to leave, and after Han confirms it, Tej says â€Å"You know we got your back, whenever you need it†. The men nod to each other and seconds later Hobbs and Elena enter the scene, as Roman makes a joke and Hobbs retaliates. Hobbs, in his stiff posture, walks up to Toretto(Dom) and O’Connor and openly expresses that they are now free of all their crimes. Excitement arises, â€Å"Wasn’t half bad having you work for me†, says Hobbs. â€Å"Now we all know you were working for me Hobbs†, Dom replies. Brian interferes says that they agree to disagree and thanks Hobbs for what he has done. As the men are gathered, Letty approaches Elena(Tej expressing to Roman that it must be an awkward encounter), and thanks her for everything she had done for Dom and her, then continues by implying that she was an amazing woman. As the two talk they go back and forth about Dom and end off on good terms, even though it was the first time they had met and they were both in love with the same man. Once again the scene switches to Hobbs and Dom, as they stand side by side. Dome takes a step forward(looking straight ahead past Hobbs) â€Å"Not bad for a cop† he says with a smirk. As Hobbs does the same he replies â€Å"I never thought I’d trust a criminal†. â€Å"Till next time†, they both say to one another and part ways. Hobbs gives Elena the sign to head out, but Dom stops her and explains â€Å"You don’t have to go†. Elena informs him that it was not her place, but that this was his home and her home was with the police force. She kisses him and walks away. The original crew mentioned in the beginning of the paper come together at the lunch table and laugh amongst each other, Dom asks Letty, â€Å"Any of this feel familiar to you?†, â€Å"No†¦ But it feels like home†, she responds after taking a sip of her beer. The scene comes to an end as they say grace as a family. Scene 4 Concept: Primary Groups For this scene, the concept of a primary group will be applied. According to the book, Communicating In Groups:Application of Skills, Adams and Galanes define primary groups as â€Å"groups formed to meet primary needs for inclusion and affection†(Adams and Galanes). Although this type of group can be used for a work type situation, it is mostly connected to a close type relationship. Each member shows motives such as: love, caring, avoiding feelings of loneliness, sharing, feeling cared about. These are successful only when the members decide to let go of some freedom as individuals. A primary group can come in many different forms, such as friends, sororities, fraternities, etc. However, the group from fast and furious 6, demonstrate the main form of a primary group, a family(even though almost all of them are not blood related). For example, the way Brian and Dom argue about which car the O’Connor’s son will first build, going back to their competitive spirit on what type of car was best. Although they were disagreeing with each other, their words were all out of love for the child and one another. Another example of this concept is the conversation between Han and Tej. Although Han individually wants to go out to Tokyo for himself, he has the support of his closest friends(the crew), and you know this when Tej say â€Å"You know we got your back, whenever you need it.† By saying this, it shows that they care for each other, which is an important factor to be a primary group(need to be caring). To become a primary group I had addressed that you must be willing to put away your individual desires. A prime example of this was the one on one discussion that occurred between Hobbs and Dom. Once again, Dom says â€Å"Not bad for a cop, as Hobbs replies â€Å"I never thought I’d trust a criminal.† The word trust in these few words is key. As a primary group, a family, you must trust one another and although neither of the two men had got along with each other in previous matters, they became somewhat close and finally put aside their individual attitudes to welcome each other in as one unit. According to Preserve Articles, there are some more points in being a primary group, two of which are physical proximity and identity of ends. Physical proximity is â€Å"connected with the fusion of personalities within the group†(Bhatt), which is exemplified as each of the members get together at the end at one table and enjoy a nice lunch together. This is a symbol of closeness within the characters. Identity of ends is â€Å"connected with the fusion of personalities within the group†(Bhatt). As this point of the article states, a primary group usually sees the world through the same Letty says â€Å"No†¦ But it feels like home†. Letty had lost her memory, which is revealed in an earlier scene of the movie, but they way that she says everything feels like home implies that she was one of them, and that she also seen the world in a very similar, if not the same way as the others(identity of ends). This is the only scene in which the whole clip is based off of the group being a primary group rather than a secondary group.

Dashain: The Festival of Nepal

Dashain Festival of Nepal INTRODUCTION Dashain is the biggest festival in Nepal. Dashain is celebrated by Nepalese people with great excitement. It is normally in the month of October but sometimes in late September. This festival is the longest and the most important of all festivals in Nepal. It falls in the best time of the year when fruits, vegetables and other foods are in plenty. And, all animals are well fed and healthy. It is said that Dashain is a celebration of the victory of the gods over the wicked demons.More sophisticated people think it as a message that good will always wins over bad in the end. And, we all should stand on the side of the good even when the bad side may look to be stronger. THE PREPARATION Before the first day of Dashain starts, people clean their houses, clean up the barns, paint white and red colours on the walls, paint the windows, repair the Aangan, repair the barns and trails in the villages, and paint the temples, schools and shelters with white clay. They buy new clothes, lots of food and spices.Then the celebration begins. THE FIFTEEN DAYS OF DASHAIN The fifteen days are said to mark the various events in the war between the gods and the demons. These fifteen days of Dashain are celebrated as follows: * Day 1: Ghastapana:Â  It is the first day of moon and represents the start of the battle. All weapons and tools in the households are gathered, cleaned and put in a room where Goddess Durga’s worship is commenced. Seeds of corn and barley are planted in a large planter of leaves and kept in dark in the worship room.These seeds would have grown to be yellow seedlings (Jamara) by the ninth day, when they are offered to Vishwa Karma and to all worshippers on the tenth day. * Day 2-7: Dwitia to Saptami:Â  Represent the continuation of the battle. * Day 8: Ashtami:Â  Animals are sacrificed in the temples of Goddess Durga asking for her help to win the battle. * Day 9: Nawami:Â  People worship Durga in mass. Everyone goes to temple of Durga. Also Vishwa Karma (god of creativity) is worshipped at the room where all tools and weapons were kept and the tools are finally released from the room.All machinery like sewing machine, cars, carts and grinding mills are stopped and offerings are made to Vishwa Karma asking to protect from accidents and mishaps. This day signifies that everyone gets ready for the final battle. * Day 10: Vijaya Dasami:Â  Goddess Durga defeats demon Mahishasur. Good finally wins over the bad. Victory is celebrated with exchanges of blessings and best possible food one can afford. Elders in the family give blessings to the young and put Tika and Jamara on their forehead. People are supposed to pay honor to and get blessings from the all surviving elders in the family clan.All people seem to be on the move as they try to visit as many relatives as possible to collect the most possible blessings. * Day 11-14: Ekadashi – Chaturthi:Â  These days are for visiting elders tha t were too far to visit on the tenth day. Also if some difficulties prevented us from reaching home and elders. So Tika continues throughout Dashain. * Day 15: Purnima or Kojagrat Purnima:Â  Dashain ends on the day of full-moon. On this day, people stay at home and rest. Laxmi (the goddess of wealth) is worshiped on this date. People are now ready to work and acquire virtue, power and wealth.In Dashain, you want a tika from an older person in your family or from anyone. You want to receive blessings from as many wellwishers as you can. First you start in your family. The oldest person in your family gives Tika and blessings to the youngest then the second youngest and so on. Anticipation, fun, hope, blessings and friendship come to you in Dashain, especially when you are close to your relatives and friends, and not in a far-away land and alone. You still write to your relatives or call them if you can and get thier thoughts and blessings even when you are far-far-away!

Bridge at Remagen in World War II

Bridge at Remagen in World War II The capture of the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen occurred on March 7-8, 1945, during the closing stages of World War II  (1939-1945). In early 1945, American forces pressed towards the west bank of the Rhine River during Operation Lumberjack. In response, German forces were ordered to destroy the bridges over the river. As the lead elements of the US 9th Armored Division approached Remagen, they found that the Ludendorff Bridge over the river was still standing. In a sharp fight, American forces succeeded in securing the span. The capture of the bridge gave the Allies a foothold on the eastern bank of the river and opened Germany to invasion. Fast Facts: Bridge at Remagen Conflict: World War II  (1939-1945)Dates: March 7-8, 1945Armies Commanders:AlliesLieutenant General Courtney HodgesMajor General John W. LeonardBrigadier General William M. HogeCombat Command B, 9th Armored DivisionGermansGeneral Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und TrachGeneral Otto HitzfeldLXVII Corps A Surprise Find In March 1945, with the bulge caused by the German Ardennes offensive effectively reduced, the US 1st Army launched Operation Lumberjack. Designed to reach the west bank of the Rhine, US troops quickly advanced on the cities of Cologne, Bonn, and Remagen. Unable to halt the Allied offensive, German troops began falling back as the fortifications in the region were penetrated. Though a withdrawal over the Rhine would have been prudent to allow German forces to regroup, Hitler demanded that every foot of territory be contested and that counterattacks be launched to regain what had been lost. This demand led to confusion along the front which was worsened by a series of changes in command an unit areas of responsibility. Aware that the Rhine posed the last major geographic obstacle to Allied troops as fighting moved east, Hitler ordered the bridges over the river destroyed (Map). On the morning of March 7, lead elements of the 27th Armored Infantry Battalion, Combat Command B, US 9th Armored Division reached the heights overlooking the town of Remagen. Looking down at the Rhine, they were stunned to find that the Ludendorff Bridge was still standing. Built during World War I, the railroad bridge remained intact with German forces retreating across its span. Initially, officers in the 27th began calling for artillery to drop the bridge and trap German forces on the west bank. Unable to secure artillery support, the 27th continued to observe the bridge. When word of the bridges status reached Brigadier General William Hoge, commanding Combat Command B, he issued orders for the 27th to advance into Remagen with support from the 14th Tank Battalion. Racing to the River As American troops entered into the town, they found little meaningful resistance as German doctrine called for rear areas to be defended by Volkssturm militia. Moving ahead, they found no major obstacles other than a machine gun nest overlooking the town square.  Quickly eliminating this with fire from M26 Pershing tanks, American forces raced forward as they expected the bridge to be blown by the Germans before it could be captured. These thoughts were reinforced when prisoners indicated that it was scheduled to be demolished at 4:00 PM. Already 3:15 PM, the 27th charged ahead to secure the bridge. As elements of Company A, led by Lieutenant Karl Timmermann, moved onto the bridges approaches, the Germans, led by Captain Willi Bratge, blew a 30-foot crater in the roadway with the goal of slowing the American advance. Reacting swiftly, engineers using tank dozers began filling the hole. Possessing around 500 poorly-trained and equipped men and 500  Volkssturm, Bratge had desired to blow the bridge earlier but had been unable to secure permission. With the Americans approaching, the majority of his  Volkssturm melted away leaving his remaining men largely clustered on the east bank of the river. Ludendorff Bridge and Erpeler Ley tunnel at Erpel (eastern side of the Rhine) – First U.S. Army men and equipment pour across the Remagen Bridge; two knocked out jeeps in foreground. Germany, March 11, 1945.   National Archives and Records Administration Storming the Bridge As Timmerman and his men began pressing forward, Bratge attempted to destroy the bridge. A massive explosion rocked the span, lifting it from its foundations. When the smoke settled, the bridge remained standing, though it had suffered some damage. Though many of the charges had detonated, others had not due to the actions of two Polish conscripts who had tampered with the fuses. As Timmermans men charged onto the span, Lieutenant Hugh Mott and Sergeants Eugene Dorland and John Reynolds climbed under the bridge to begin cutting the wires leading to the remaining German demolition charges. Reaching the bridge towers on the west bank, platoons stormed inside overwhelming the defenders. Having taken these vantage points, they provided covering fire for Timmerman and his men as they fought across the span. The first American to reach the east bank was Sergeant Alexander A. Drabik. As more men arrived, they moved to clear the tunnel and cliffs near the bridges eastern approaches. Securing a perimeter, they were reinforced during the evening. Pushing men and tanks across the Rhine, Hoge was able to secure the bridgehead giving the Allies a foothold on the east bank. The Ludendorff Bridge on March 17, 1945, approximately four hours before its collapse. National Archives and Records Administration Aftermath Dubbed the Miracle of Remagen, the capture of the Ludendorff Bridge opened the way for Allied troops to drive into the heart of Germany. Over 8,000 men crossed the bridge in the first twenty-four hours after its capture as engineers frantically worked to repair the span. Infuriated by its capture, Hitler swiftly ordered the trial and execution of the five officers assigned to its defense and destruction. Only Bratge survived as he had been captured by American forces before he could be arrested. Desperate to destroy the bridge, the Germans conducted air raids, V-2 rocket attacks, and frogman assaults against it. In addition, German forces launched a massive counterattack against the bridgehead with no success. As the Germans were attempting to strike the bridge, the 51st and 291st Engineer Battalions built pontoon and treadway bridges adjacent to the span. On March 17th, the bridge suddenly collapsed killing 28 and wounding 93 American engineers. Though it was lost, a substantial bridgehead had been built up which was supported by the pontoon bridges. The capture of the Ludendorff Bridge, along with Operation Varsity later that month, removed the Rhine as an obstacle to the Allied advance.

The Aspern Papers Essays

The Aspern Papers Essays The Aspern Papers Essay The Aspern Papers Essay This obsession results in arrogance and greed, consuming the Narrator and leading to his ultimate regret. I. The Balance of Value and Privacy There is little reason to think that this story is meant to highlight the balance between value and privacy. Although the Narrator and his partner find great value in the works of Jeffrey Aspire, there is very little indication that others share in this desire to see the works. In fact, the Narrator himself mentions, after referring to Aspire as a God, that he and his partner had recognized IM most. 1 Additionally, Mrs.. Preset knew nothing of the significance of Miss Bordeaux in spite of having lived in Venice for 15 years. Mrs.. Preset also recognizes the Narrators obsession when mentioning that the Narrator appeared to be seeking the answer to the riddle of the universe. 2 This is not to say that Jeffrey Aspire is not well known or that his papers would not have been sought by others Miss Bordeaux mentions he was all the fashion3 when she was young but it is unlikely that his desire to make the papers public potentially justifies his deception. Not only is there a lack of reason to believe that the papers hold great value to others, there is little reason to think that privacy considerations of Miss Bordeaux are meant to be compelling. There is an expectation of privacy with matters and documents that individuals choose to keep private, if even for the simple fact that they should have the ability to do so. This is especially true of valuables and personal mementos. However, James downplays the importance of the papers being kept secret. Although Tina mentions that Miss Bordeaux loves them4 and is Very fond f them,5 she says nothing to imply that Miss Bordeaux would be particularly upset if others had read the papers. In fact, Tina reveals that Miss Bordeaux fondly talked Of Aspire twenty years ago and Tina mentions that she did not believe anything in the papers would be painful to Miss Bordeaux. Although Miss Bordeaux likely knew for a considerable time that the Narrator was scheming to get the papers, she presents him with the portrait of Aspire. She knows that showing him the portrait will only increase the danger of the papers being taken, which indicates that concealing the papers was not the most important consideration for her. Rather, it seems that Miss Borderlands primary motivation in her dealings with the Narrator is to acquire as much pecuniary profit as possible. The Narrator remarks multiple times that her interest in money was off-putt Eng, mentioning that he couldnt get used to the idea that this vision of pecuniary profit was most what drew out the divine Juliann. 6 Additionally, after Miss Bordeaux dies, Tina mentions that she believes Miss Bordeaux meant to tell her that she would have approved of the Narrator having the papers if he married Tina. Miss Bordeaux is not concerned with keeping the papers hidden for her privacy, but instead she keeps them hidden because she does not want to give anything away freely that she could instead use to enhance her financial standing and Titans wellbeing. Although we can not be sure of Miss Borderlands intent, James absolutely fails to highlight the importance to Miss Bordeaux that the papers be kept secret. Lastly, James leaves little question as to whether the Narrators actions are warranted. The Narrator himself admits that he is sorry for the hypocrisy and duplicity that he must engage in, UT that he has no other option than to continue his course. He does not attempt to use the need for the papers as a justification of his actions, but merely the reason for them. The Narrators actions are clearly objectionable, as evidenced by his thoughts that he could sleep with Tina to mask his deception and that he enjoyed the idea that Miss Bordeaux could die at any moment, giving him the opportunity to pounce on her possessions. 7 The lack of known value of the papers, the lack of showing that their revelation would cause harm, and the obviousness that the Narrators actions are unethical indicate that it was not James intent for the reader to struggle with whether or not the Narrator is validated in seeking the papers by deception. However, most readers still sympathize with the publishing sco undrel. 8 II. The Curse of Obsession While driven by his obsession, leading him to deceive and attempt to steal, the Narrator fails in the very way he feared he might upon arriving at the home. As he predicts, it leaves him without another arrow/ for his bow. This defeat, and the reason we feel so connected to the Narrator in his quest s likely what led James to remark in the preface that he might have looked up Miss Claremont had he known of her whereabouts and he luckily not had to deal with the difficult option. 10 Although the Narrator overcomes nearly every obstacle along the way, he does so at significant cost. Because the Narrator misreads Miss Borderlands and Titans abilities, he thinks he is being cunning and deceptive, all the while falling into Miss Borderlands traps. Initially, he desires to be housed by Miss Bordeaux, however he pays roughly 10 times the value of the lodging. He also desires to be seen by her, which exults in purchasing additional flowers for the garden. Later, he wishes to see a portrait of Aspire and makes that known to Tina. Subsequently, Miss Bordeaux presents the portrait in the garden but keeps it from his possession. At each of these obstacles, he pays greatly or provides information about his motives and plans without gaining significant information in return. Miss Bordeaux does not show him the portrait because he wants to see it, but because she wants him to see it. Has he no reason to think that Tina made his request known to Miss Bordeaux and she knew that he was seeking the papers? He absolutely does, but he is unable to look past the urge to obtain the papers and see that he faces a true adversary in Miss Bordeaux. Not only does each victory cost the Narrator greatly, he also suffers when finally achieving his goals. At the very beginning of the story he mentions to Mrs.. Preset that he had been unable to touch the hands of someone Aspire had touched or look into a single pair of eyes into which his had looked. 1 1 He ends up beholding Miss Borderlands extraordinary eyes at the cost Of being caught in the act of trying to find the papers and being horribly ashamed. 2 In the end, he acquires the portrait of Aspire that he wanted, however it represents a very painful memory, such that whenever he looks at it he can scarcely bear [his] loss. 13 What he has lost is perhaps the most debated topic of the story. The Narrator overcomes all of the obstacles he faced in his quest to get the papers, however when presented with the opportunity to discover them, he is unab le to meet the request of marrying Tina. All of his work and deception has led him to the very moment where all he needs to do is accept, but he slips. Are the papers the loss he IS referring to? Or is it perhaps the opportunity to marry Tina? Many possibilities can be offered as the reason for his loss, which is why the Narrator clarifies to the reader that he is referring to the papers. Regardless of the reason for his loss, the reflection and honest statement that he can scarcely bare the loss makes it clear that he has suffered greatly through these endeavors. But shouldnt we view this as him getting his just deserts? Although he acts badly in attempting to acquire the papers, James makes it clear that the Narrator is not a bad person generally.

Maps of the Ancient Near and Middle East

Maps of the Ancient Near and Middle East Maps of the ancient Near East that can be used for personal research, for classroom or lecture use, or for publication on your website can be found on the Internet, it just takes a little digging. The websites listed below are portals for what are in some cases decades of research by dedicated scholars, some based in universities, some independent scholars. Youll find an index and a few examples of the maps available on each website listed here. Note that terms of use are also listed in the descriptions for each site, but also know that these can change with little notice, so if you plan to use the maps on a website, be sure to contact the editors first to make sure you wont be in copyright violation. The University of Texas at Austin: Perry-Castaeda Library The Perry-Castaà ±eda Library is based at the University of Texas at Austin, and truly the best of the bunch. UTAs PCL Map collections include high-resolution scans of historical atlases from all over the world.   Terms of Usage: Most of the maps are in the public domain, and no permissions are needed to copy them, no matter where you are using them. They would appreciate credit (and a small donation) to University of Texas Libraries as the source of the scanned images. PCL Map collections IndexMaps of the Middle EastAncient Jerusalem, 356K JPG city map, scanned from Palestine and Syria. Handbook for Travellers by Karl Baedeker, 5th Edition, 1912, showing elevations, landmarks, modern and ancient walls.The Macedonian Empire, 326-323 BCE, from the Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923. Insets: The Aetolian and Achaian Leagues. Includes a plan of Tyre.Palestine in the Time of Saul about 1020 BCE, scanned from the From Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Smith, George Adam. London, 1915 David Rumsey Map Collection David Rumsey has collected over 85,000 geo-referenced maps over the past thirty and more years, focused on very high-resolution scans of rare 16th- through 21st-century maps of the world. They are astonishing in their detail and resolution. Middle Eastern maps are in the Asia collection, with a specialized Luna viewer to assist in the creation of slideshows suitable for classroom use. Terms of Usage: Images may be reproduced or transmitted under a Creative Commons license that allows education and personal use, but not commercial use. For commercial use, contact the editors. Main Index pageAtlas indexLuna Viewer of Asian mapsClaudius Ptolemys Map of the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East from Cyrpus to Babylonia, published in 1561 by Girolamo Rscelli and M. Giuseppe MolettiHenry Schenk Tanners 1819 map of the worldHistorical maps from Google Earth, some georeferenced maps are also made available by the David Rumsey Map CollectionGeo-referenced Buddhist map of the world made in 1710 The Mapping History Project The Mapping History Project at the University of Oregon has developed a set of interactive and animated maps of fundamental history problems that require Shockwave, as well as straight downloadable images. English and German versions. Usage Terms: Contact the editors for academic and commercial use. Main Index of the Mapping History ProjectEurope Map Archive (including Ancient Near East, as well as Greek and Roman maps)Europe Image Library. John Nichols photographs of Roman and Greek ruinsPolitical Change in Mesopotamia 3000-1000 BCE Interactive map using shockwave to show successive political waves from Sumerian to Kassite with Babylonian, Assyrian, and Agade along the way.Sea People of the Late Bronze Age. Map of the Near East shows major cities all located along waterways, from Troy in the north to Nile Delta cities and Memphis in the south. Also shows movements of armies and naval forces.Ancient Near East Empires 700–300 BCE, Shockwave interactive map. Oriental Institute: Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) The OIsCenter for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) has made pdf versions of maps of the Islamic World available on its website. Terms of Use: The terms are not specifically identified with regard to the maps, but there is a contact page that you should use before publishing these maps elsewhere. Index of MapsArabia before the Muslim conquestsThe Mongol Empire 1260 CE Oriental Institute: CAMEL The Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes (CAMEL) project at the University of Chicagos Oriental Institute has a vast collection of maps and other images from the Near East, but only a handful of the maps are currently online. Terms of Use: Publication, distribution, exhibition, or reproduction is prohibited without prior written permission. Main Index for CAMELCAMEL Maps, a list of available sources of public domain holdings, but youll need to contact the OI to obtain copies.Search engine for OI collections. Use this to search CAMEL for maps or other resources.Survey of Egypt: Orographical Map of the Nile BasinSurvey of Egypt: Map of Cairo Showing Islamic MonumentsAncient Near East Site Maps IndexIraq Site Map. A greyscale map of archaeological sites in Iraq, including Akkad, Babylonia, Assyria, and Sumer located alongside the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Major cities and other rivers included in line drawing. My Old Maps Independent scholar Jim Siebold has been collecting and scanning old maps and writing detailed monographs about them since the turn of the 21st century, under a range of different websites beginning with the Henry Davis Consulting Firm. His most current and up-to-date version of the ongoing project is the My Old Maps website. Terms of Use: Low-resolution images may be downloaded and used with accreditations; high-resolution images are available for free from Siebold on request. My Old Maps Main indexMaps from Antiquity  indexBabylonian Clay Tablet World Map. Circular map from 600 BCE which if the interpretive redrawing is correct shows Babylon, Armenia, and the Bitter River.The Earliest Known Map, town plan of 6200 BCE Catal Hoyuk. HyperHistory Online HyperHistory Online is a long-term project by architect and independent scholar Andreas Nothiger, whose main claim to fame is a huge History Chart that begins with the Old Testament prophets of David and Solomon and ends with World War II. He has a substantial collection of maps, drawn for his project. Terms of Use: Not listed on the website, but an email contact is provided. Main Map Index for HyperHistory OnlineIndex of Maps of AntiquitySumerIsrael and Judah. Bible Maps Bible Maps is a Canadian website that has loads of maps, constructed on the basis that the Bible is literal fact, pure and simple; chronologies are based on strict biblical interpretations. Terms of Use: Free to look at, print, and share in churches and schools, but not permitted to sell or post on line. Details on use and construction are listed on the home page. Main Index Twelve Tribes, as described in the book of JoshuaAbrahams Journey from Ur Al Mishraq: The Levant Al Mishraq is a Norwegian site dedicated to the history and archaeology of the Levant region of western Asia. The site has a handful of interesting maps, but they are spotty in quality. Terms of Use: Not provided on the site, but an email address is provided on the homepage. Index of Maps and Geography15th Century Map of the Arabic World, high-resolution image of Nazam al-Din al-Hussein bin Muhammad al-Nishapuris Sharh al-Tadhkarah map.Map of Beirut, 1876, from the Danish Vice-Counsel Julius Là ¶ytvedA Glimpse of Yesterday. In addition to showing the place name variations between Aramaic, Canaanite, and Arabic, the site explains the arbitrary temporal and geographic distinctions between Ancient Near East and Middle East.

Strategic Corporate Finance ASSIGNMENT 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Corporate Finance ASSIGNMENT 2 - Essay Example The company had ?1.69 worth net assets per share which has been improved to?1.72 in 2011. b) Cost of Capital The following are the computations in respect of calculating the weighted average cost of capital for Marks & Spencer. The cost of equity of M&S is found to be 4.5% whereas cost of debt is found to be 4%. The overall weighted average cost of capital after accounting for the value of equity and value of debt, is found to be 4.33%. Cost of Equity (CAPM)       Re = Rf + Beta (Risk Premium)          = 0.03 + 0.75 (0.02)       Re = 4.50% Cost of Debt       Rd = Annual Coupon    Current Bond Price          = 5    125       Rd = 4.00% Value of Equity Ve = Current Share Price x No. of Shares outstanding = 3.76 x 1600 = 6016 Value of Debt Vd = Current Bond Price x No. of Bonds Issued = 125 x 2489 = 3111                         100       Weights       Wd = Debt = 3111 = 34.09%    Debt + Equity 3111 + 6016          We = Equi ty = 6016 = 65.91%       Debt + Equity    3111 + 6016       WACC       WACC = [Wd x Rd] + [We x Re]          = [ 34.09% x 4%] + [65.91% x 4.5%]          = 4.33% c) Dividend Growth Model The following is the calculation of theoretical ex-right price by using Gordon’s dividend growth model. ... 7(1+0.02) = 693.6       K – g    0.045 - 0.02       From the above calculations, it can be noted that if the growth rate of dividend is zero, the theoretical ex-right price of the M&S share is around 377 pence. On the other hand, if the dividends are expected to grow at 2%, in that case there will be a massive growth in the share price of M&S such that it is likely to reach at 693 pence which is extremely high. Under the given circumstances, when the current share price id 363 pence, the theoretical ex-right price of 377 pence, seems to be more appropriate than the share price of 693 pence which seems quite optimistic. d) Value per sharing using the price earnings (p/e) ratio The following are the price earnings ratio of Marks & Spencer for the years 2011 and 2012. Price Earnings Ratio    31-Mar-12 11-Jan-13 P/E Ratio = 376 = 11.56923 = 363 = 11.2       32.5             32.5       It can be observed that the Price Earnings ratio of M&S was at 11.56 in the year 2011. However, it reduced to 11.2 in the last year because the share price of the company decreased. If the P/E ratio of retail industry is compared with that of M&S, it can be observed that the P/E ratio of M&S is significantly higher than that of the industry. The retail industry is following a P/E multiple of 8.5 times whereas M&S is having more than 11 times. This shows that the share price of M&S is over-valued as compare to other industry participants. Task 2 Introduction There are various views regarding a particular stock as different market participants look at the stocks with different objectives and views. However, the only thing which is followed by all the investors is the fundamentals (Babu, 2012). Fundamental is the concept in finance which deals with the performance of the company in the given

Main Hydraulic Pump Motor and Starter Systems Assignment - 3

Main Hydraulic Pump Motor and Starter Systems - Assignment Example The researcher states that the hydraulic powers systems that are currently used in the submarine systems and devices are not only used in powering the devices but also used in operating other systems within the vessels. The submarines also require the use of electric power especially for propulsion as well as operating auxiliary equipment within the vessel. Other than moving stationary light equipment, electricity is often used in instantaneous stopping some equipment such as electric motors. Motors often have the tendency to drift and/or over-travel thereby becoming difficult to control without electricity. Additionally, electrically driven equipment is often noisy and require intense maintenance; therefore, to overcome these shortcomings, the submarine devices are currently designed and manufactured to use hydraulic powering systems including hydraulic motor pumps. Hydraulic motors are the power units of the marine devices; however, they do not generate their own power, but they of ten convert hydraulic power into mechanical energy that is transmitted to other parts of the vessel. Therefore, pumps are the central power supply for the devices using hydraulic systems. The pumps are used to create pressure within the system. Submarine devices usually have different pumps playing different roles. The Waterbury A-end pump is among the pumps using the submarine devices. A rotating shaft operates the Waterbury A-end pump. The rotating shaft may be operated by hand or motor. There are usually three hands driven and three motor-driven Waterbury A-end pumps play different functions to a submarine. They drive the steering system, bow plan system, and stern plan system. Under normal operations, two parts of the entire three systems are used distinctively in the system as steam and motor transmitting oil units while the hand driven part is usually fitted to a larger hand wheel. The Waterbury A-end speed gear operates on a rotation principle where its multiple pistons are o n reciprocating rotations. The gear consists of three basic elements including the socket ring, cylinder barrels, and tilt box. The socket ring is located in ball sockets and it holds seven or nine pistons that connect different rods. On the other hand, the cylinder barrel corresponds to the seven or nine cylinders whereas the tilted box is an inclined socket ring that corresponds to the cylinder barrel.

Art and Architectural History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art and Architectural History - Essay Example His life transformed in the year 1537, at the age of 30 when Andrea Palladio started to work under the famous designer Gian Giorgio Trissini Trissini shaped the life of Palladio, became his mentor, introduced him to the principles of classical architecture and other disciplines of renaissance. Trissini also introduced his protg to a wide circle of patrons and more importantly, gave him his name 'Palladio; suggesting 'Pallas Athene', the Greek goddess of wisdom', by which he was to later become famous1. Palladio's earlier commissions were to build palaces and villas for aristocracy. Later, he began design of religious buildings. Palladio learnt the principles of Vitruvius, the famous architect of olden days, (whose treatise was rediscovered in the prior century) through his books and the renaissance commentator Alberti. He became acquainted with the ideas and pioneering works of his contemporaries like Romano, Falconetto, Serlio and Sanmicheli. His mentor took him to visit cities like Padua, Venice and Rome and further introduced him to classical Roman and early Renaissance works. The socio-political situation at that time was instrumental in triggering a fundamentally different thought process in his design. Venice had by then become the center of a vast empire with not only military but also commercial enclaves around the area, because it controlled the Mediterranean region and it's trade routes. Noble families thus prospered economically and were turning towards large-scale agricultural activities. This prompted these Neo-rich families to shift their residences to rural areas, so that they could work clo se to home, as well as enjoy the peace and calm of country life. They needed homes, which had the magnificence of the royal Venetian palaces, but at much lower costs. Additionally these homes had to have the functional efficiency, which would allow supervision and storage of agricultural production, as well as serve as a place for repose and contemplation for it's owners. It is in this context, that his 20 odd villas were constructed. Design ideas developed by Palladio: As stated earlier, the central problem for design for Palladio was to synthesize a solution, which took care of the contemporary needs like functionality and comfort for the residents, while retaining the magnificence and keeping the cost low. He found a 3-point solution to the problem: 1. Dramatic external motifs: The external faade had a clear classical influence including column orders but with understated grace and symmetry rather than elaboration. 2. Economic materials: His earlier working experience with brick-laying and masonry prompted him to use bricks clad in stucco instead of marble and stone which had to be procured from far off places, thus reducing costs substantially. 3. Inner harmony and balance of interior spaces: This is where much of his innovative design work was done. His rationality concluded that a sense of space is closely connected with its purpose2, and that the successful synthesis of forms, materials and purpose becomes 'space' (Palladian design, Reading Architectural History - Dana Arnold, pp135). So, his fundamental premise was that the interior parts of the house should correspond to the whole as well as to one another. We will have a sense

The Role of the Colonies in the British Mercantilist System Essay - 1

The Role of the Colonies in the British Mercantilist System - Essay Example With King James II, British colonies turned into a source of profit and power for the British Empire. King James II attempted to create a centrally managed Atlantic Empire (Henretta & Brody 93). Though the Glorious Revolution weakened royal grip on power, King James II put forth the foundations of mercantilism, such as the need to expand economically in order to be a glorious empire. British colonies thus served to improve British economic status among other monarchies and independent states and towns in Europe. Mercantilism was a policy promoting self sufficiency among countries of the day (Nettels 105). According to Nettels, â€Å"[t]he policy aimed to gain for the nation a high degree of security or self-sufficiency, especially as regards food supply, raw materials needed for essential industries, and the sinews of war† (105). With this goal in mind, the British aristocracy pursued colonies which could produce sugar, tobacco and other food products. In exchange, they were r equired to buy English manufactured goods, or use the English merchants as intermediaries (Henretta & Brody 69). This practice was prescribed by the Staple Act of 1663, according to which colonial planters bought most of the needed manufactured goods from England (Nettels 109). England prohibited trade with other European countries, as it could not impose favorable terms of trade (Nettels 105). English government designed laws that would keep colonies dependent upon English economy (108).  

Hiring Employees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hiring Employees - Research Paper Example r evaluation of the existing vacancies that needs to be filled in the new office, as well as the accurate determination of the needs and requirements of the new position is essential for recruiting the right candidate (Farmer, 2004). Therefore, a job analysis is necessary for all the vacancies in the new office, since it makes it possible to tailor the job position to the competencies required, and thus allows for proper classification of each job vacancy. The evaluation of the needs of all the positions to be filled in the new office requires the understanding of the strategic goals of the organization, as well as that of each department in the new office. Considering the fact that the new office to be open is part of an already existing organization, it is essential to establish the core competencies of the staff serving in the different departments of the existing office, which can then be formulated as the qualification requirements for the staffs to be recruited for the new offi ce. While evaluating the core competencies of the new office staff, there is the need to establish the existing gaps in the core competencies, which will in turn help to determine whether the recruitment of the staff for the new office should be done internally within the organization or otherwise (Drinan, 1998). Where there exists a skills gap in the existing employees of the organization, then external recruitment is necessary. The full determination of all the vacancies that exists in the new office and the core competencies that are required in the staffs that will fill these vacancies paves way for the second step in the recruitment process. The formulation of the right description for each job vacancy forms an essential key success factor for recruiting staff (Shermont & Murphy, 2006). This is because; more than anything else, a well formulated and written job description acts as the documented evidence to prevent or defend the legal claims that might arise in the recruitment

The Salvadoran During The Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Salvadoran During The Civil War - Essay Example The situation in El Salvador was that of a stalemate. US government backed the Salvadoran government, however, that was not enough to claim victory. There are no winners or losers in a war, only survivors: and this proved true in the case of El Salvador as well. There are eyewitnesses and journalists who gave their accounts of the state of affairs during the Salvadoran civil war. Cynthia Arnson, a commentator on the national and international affairs especially with concern to the United States and Latin America commented on the gruesome force used by the state government. The government appointed death squads to start systematic eradication of the Salvadoran opponents and not only mutilate their bodies but to use this as a means of wreaking havoc and terrorizing the general population. Such tactics would lead to permanent terror settling into the minds of the public and would disallow them to engage in anti-state affairs and activities in the future. The mid-1980s was the era when s tate-sponsored population killings were the most prominent. The civil war took a very long time despite the efforts to bring an end to the war from both parties. FMLN refused to participate in the presidential elections because they felt that the results would be unfair. Due to this reason, they boycotted the presidential elections. And when the FMLN organized the peace talks in order to settle down the conflicting issues, the Salvadoran government also refused to participate.The Salvadoran civil war would have ended a lot earlier

Hiring Employees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hiring Employees - Research Paper Example r evaluation of the existing vacancies that needs to be filled in the new office, as well as the accurate determination of the needs and requirements of the new position is essential for recruiting the right candidate (Farmer, 2004). Therefore, a job analysis is necessary for all the vacancies in the new office, since it makes it possible to tailor the job position to the competencies required, and thus allows for proper classification of each job vacancy. The evaluation of the needs of all the positions to be filled in the new office requires the understanding of the strategic goals of the organization, as well as that of each department in the new office. Considering the fact that the new office to be open is part of an already existing organization, it is essential to establish the core competencies of the staff serving in the different departments of the existing office, which can then be formulated as the qualification requirements for the staffs to be recruited for the new offi ce. While evaluating the core competencies of the new office staff, there is the need to establish the existing gaps in the core competencies, which will in turn help to determine whether the recruitment of the staff for the new office should be done internally within the organization or otherwise (Drinan, 1998). Where there exists a skills gap in the existing employees of the organization, then external recruitment is necessary. The full determination of all the vacancies that exists in the new office and the core competencies that are required in the staffs that will fill these vacancies paves way for the second step in the recruitment process. The formulation of the right description for each job vacancy forms an essential key success factor for recruiting staff (Shermont & Murphy, 2006). This is because; more than anything else, a well formulated and written job description acts as the documented evidence to prevent or defend the legal claims that might arise in the recruitment

Executive summary for Corporate Finance Valuation Essay

Executive summary for Corporate Finance Valuation - Essay Example This is because it gives clear information on the return on investment and the shareholders value that is payable to investors. The analysis focuses on Balfour Beatty Corporation that is a high rank engineering company with global presence. The company provides a wide range of products and services with an aim of meeting its shareholders and customer needs promptly. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the company’s shareholders value, its key variables, sensitivity evaluation and issues that threatens to compromise its performance. The aim is to identify its performance level and viability that is critical in enabling accurate investment decisions. Introduction Balfour Beatty plc is a renowned corporation that focuses its synergy in providing quality infrastructural and engineering services. The company strives to achieve its key objective that is to be the leading producer of quality engineering services globally. It is also set with an aim to maximize its key resour ces to enhance shareholders value. The company started its operations in the year 1909 as a small entity with a capital base of 50,000million Pounds. It has recorded a tremendous growth that has seen it expand its network to over 80 countries. The company’s exemplary performance is attributable to its effective shareholders value management and product development. ... The company is also credited for its strong focus on shareholders value that remains a key driver of performance in most settings. The element that defines the amount of return on investment shareholders are to achieve is vital in ensuring sustainable growth. It has been one of the key drivers of the company’s performance and growth since it attracts more investors who inject colossal sums of funds. These funds help in steering growth and service delivery to customers who hold high expectations. Indeed, any organization that aspires to record exemplary performance or attract more investors especially in the current business environment should develop viable resource maximization techniques. This report aims at giving credible information based on corporate finance valuation with focus to shareholder value analysis. It adopts Balfour Beatty plc as its case study. Definition of SVA and its role Shareholder value analysis (SVA) is a performance indicator that measures the return on investment value that a company remits to shareholders (Ranadiv, 2009, P, 1). It gives a clear indication or information on the amount investors receive per shares held. It also measures a company’s financial capacity and value by comparing the returns that stockholders receive every financial year. This enables managers to make credible decisions pertaining to performance and attraction of new investors. Consequently, it facilitates investments decision-making since it gives investors a prior knowledge on a company’s performance and the expected returns (Ranadiv, 2009, P, 1). This is vital since investor’s interest is to earn returns on their investment and to receive refunds of the capital contribution.

Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist Views on Benevolence Essay Example for Free

Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist Views on Benevolence Essay Benevolence can be defined as the moral inclination to be kind and compassionate. If people could control their malicious behaviors and focus on participating in acts that are solely beneficial to humanity, the earth would be much more prosperous. Being kind to others gives us a feeling of contentment that is otherwise unattainable. Receiving compassion and kindness provides us with a sense of gratitude and wellness that many cannot help but share with others. No one enjoys being the subject of someone else’s ill will. This is why moral codes such as (but not limited to) Buddhism, Confucianism/Taoism have emerged. If everyone followed any one of the previously stated practices, it would be much easier for humans to grow and develop as a whole because there would be fewer causes of our discontentment. The Buddhists’ ultimate goal is to end suffering by achieving enlightenment, or nirvana (Kessler, pg. 186). Benevolence is indefinitely required to reach this state. Enlightenment can only be obtained by recognizing the Four Noble Truths. This basically states that life is suffering, which is the result of bad karma caused by malevolent actions that are driven by natural human desires. The end of desire will inevitably be the end of suffering. The only way to end suffering is by following in the footsteps of Siddhartha Gautama’s enlightenment (Kessler, pg. 166). This method of bringing an end to suffering is otherwise known as the Eightfold Path, or the Way of the Buddha. In order to obtain the same enlightenment, Buddhists are required to uphold a strict set of rules regarding the way to behave as a beneficial member of society, including â€Å"right view, right thought, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditati on.† (Kessler, pg. 224). The most devout Buddhist possesses immense self-control and discipline in attempt to live the purest, least harmful existence possible. A good example of the ideal Buddhist is the bodhisattva. Bodhisattvas have reached the ultimate level of moral purity, kindness, and compassion toward the world and therefore live to relieve people from suffering (Kessler, pg. 170). Concerning overall kindness and compassion, the fate and preservation of the entire world should be taken into account before performing any act. No living being should ever be harmed or killed. One should never steal from another, but may receive gifts openly. Buddhists should be chaste, truthful, and fair. They are required to keep peace among people if necessary. A devout Buddhist would never speak to someone in a discourteous manner, including sharing erroneous information (Kessler, pg. 185). This moral code practiced by Bodhisattvas is directly concerned with the wellbeing of the world through good deeds, which leads to the end of eternal suffering, according to the previously stated teachings of the Buddha. Another influential teacher of morality and obtaining widespread human prosperity is Confucianism. The Way, or Tao, is the Confucian concept of human nature. The Mandate of Heaven is dictated by the fact that humans, by nature, want to obtain balance and harmony in the world, which is possible beginning with harmony within the self. Harmony within one’s self leads to harmony among other people, which results in the harmony of natural phenomenon, and thus the world is harmonious. This requires that all human emotional conditions be in balance. Although the notion is truly inconceivable, this can be most closely described as the Confucian concept of heaven. People must be understanding and compassionate towards one another, and make sacrifices for the greater good. When this is achieved, human flourishing is then possible. People are either intelligent enough to possess the sincerity of the way, or they can be instructed to do so. Humans are all capable of making a contribution toward achieving the order of the Way, which results in spiritual salvation (Kessler, pg. 242-243). The most important way this goal is to be achieved by the followers of Confucian teachings is through sacrifice. An honorable person intends to sacrifice in order to spread good will to the earth. This helps emphasize the responsibilities all humans have to maintain peace and harmony in the world for the well being of everyone (Kessler, pg. 240). Humans are born into different ranks, which must be taken into consideration, but the overall goal of Confucian teaching is to uphold the moral obligation of goodness. Elders and authority figures are to be respected in accordance to the Confucian way. For example, a child is respectful to a parent because both are needed to maintain balance in the family. This plays a crucial role in the functionality of the family unit. The same notion can be applied to the citizen and his governing body. The citizen is obedient to the government because defiant behavior would lead to chaos (Kessler, pg. 242). The Buddhist and Confucian doctrines are similar in many ways. The ultimate goal of both sets of teachings is the same: human benevolence leads to moral salvation and the well being of humanity. Renunciation plays a major role in the overall intention of both parties. The crucial difference between the two is the source of the regarded texts. Confucians’ fate is subject to the government no matter what. They pay respect to all people, but understand the necessity to respect the upper class because they play a major part in the well being of the whole. The elders and authority figures â€Å"take care† of the younger or less fortunate. Buddhists focus more on solitude and undergoing suffering for the greater good. They go as far as to give up normal eating habits as to refrain from any selfish behavior that may lead to bad karma. Confucians also undergo suffering, but do not give up basic human desires for the benefit of others. They are undeniably considerate. Any feeling that one would not enjoy feeling would never be bestowed upon someone else. No form of extreme asceticism required of Confucians as it is sometimes in Buddhism. Rather, Confucian success is more important to human flourishing. Although true, both moral concepts have the same intended outcome of benevolence toward everyone. Works Cited Kessler, Gary E. Ways of Being Religious. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Pub., 2000. 166+. Print.

Effects Of Crime And Violence On Television

Effects Of Crime And Violence On Television As we turn on the television today, there seems to be more shows that have violence in them then ever before. The same goes true for movies and video games which the violence has a damaging effect on the society. Studies done over the last forty years show that there is a link between media violence and an increase in violet acts committed by juveniles (http://www.ehow.com/about_4595746_does-media-cause-crime.html). With a rise in the violence in juveniles it raises the question whether the media industry has any duty with the violence it shows. Some facts need to be considered when looking at media violence and children. One factor is that many of todays population watches TV. Many say that the crime rates are going up and down due to the media. Also the shows show types of criminal behavior that could be of interest to the public. Unfortunately with many studies done over the forty years scientist have looked at media and crime they have notice a fine line which cant be crossed. When watching the news do you remember hearing about fourteen year old Michael Carneal firing a .22caliberr into a prayer group (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article)? How about sixteen Luke Woodham and fifteen year old Kip Kinkel who both shot their parent and then went to school and shot some classmates (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article)? When the media represents a crime such as this the people who do the crime and its affects is how the people began to see that population (Bjornstorm, Kaufman, Peterson, Slater 2010 p.269-293). Crisis such as can be a time when a population is over-presented as to be a bad person or even under presented as if what was happening did not mattered. When this happens those who are watching TV can end up thinking this behavior is okay and start acting like them (Bjornstorm, Kaufman, Peterson, Slater 2010 p.269-293). Since the 1950s many college professors studied how crime in cartoons and TV shows affected young children (http://www.ehow.com/about_4595746_does-media-cause-crime.htm). They found that after watching the cartoons the children are more aggressive immediately afterward. Also when the parents are involved the child seems to be less aggressive as well (http://www.ehow.com/about_4595746_does-media-cause-crime.htm). Scientist today say that crime images may be a factor as to why young kids chose a life of crime. Yet if their parents are involved in their everyday lives they are less likely to live a life of crime (http://www.ehow.com/about_4595746_does-media-cause-crime.htm). As you can see the findings from the 1950s is the same the findings today. One can see that there is no real evidence to say whether watching crime on TV leads to a life of crime they allow more research to be done. With forty years of research it is still hard to say ya or nah (http://www.ehow.com/about_4595746_doe s-media-cause-crime.htm). In the case of the three teens, there was a interest that the juvenile crime rate would raise even though there was a sixty-eight percent decrease between 1993 and 1999 (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). Of the four major crimes juveniles are arrested for such as robbery, rape, murder, and aggravated assault it dropped by thirty-six percent between 1994 and 1999 (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). However these statistics are deceive able due to such shootings as the three teens (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). The shootings only proofed that there is an increase in juvenile crime and not a decrease like the statistics believe. When it comes down to just how much crime juveniles are responsible for there is a tug a war between the Gallup Poll and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). The 2000 Gallup Poll believes that the juveniles are responsible for forty-three percent while OJJD P believes juveniles are only responsible for twelve percent (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). To me it is not not how much crime they are responsible for, but what gave them the idea to do the crime. After being arrested for the crimes he committed, Michael Carneal was asked what gave him the idea to commit such a crime in such a way (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). He said he had in the 1995 movie The Basketball Diaries (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). For anyone who has seen The Basketball Diaries know that there is a character who is a promising young poet and basketball player (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112461/). He turns to the sleazy life of someone who is addicted to heroin (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112461/). In one of his highs he goes into a dream sequence in which after breaking the door to his high school down he kills his fellow classmates (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112461/). It is scenes like these that lead to real teens thinking that if they have a problem at school this is how they should deal with it. The example of Carneal is proof that television has brainwashed our daily lives. We have become addicted to the television as if it was its own special kind of drug. The media which is placed on the television can be said to target young adults and teenagers. As shown by Carneal the media influences teens to demonstrate through their body image, peer/ media pressure and sexual misconduct. Based on a study done in 1994 by the National Cable Television Association this is very true. They found that violent content of television shows increased from over one-half of prime time. By the end of the study violence took the majority of television sending bad messages to teens (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). On top of that villains of the violent scenes seem to not get in trouble for the crimes they commit as well as the villain having no injury even after getting wounded (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). Such depiction give teenagers the sense that it is okay to act like this and get the teenage image which is not always a good image. We all know how important a teenagers image is everything to them. They look to actors and singers on television to give them that image they are looking for. Unfortunately, singers such as TuPac, 50 cent, Britney Spear, and and Lil Kim are some who catch our teens eye. Under the image are what use to be young people who started making the right choices, but made the wrong choices. Producers of the television shows and the market pick these people due to their invisible attitude and sex appeal. Spending a few millions of dollars in advertising is no big deal to them when they sell their clothing (http://www.suite101.com/content/advertising-to-teens-a14289). When you see teenager spending so much money to fit in or to be seen by the opposite sex with that sex appeal that is advertised it is really scary. There are those who ask the advertiser why they spend millions of dollars on advertising to contract teenagers and they will deny it (http://www.suite101.com/content/advertising-to-te ens-a14289). At first glance the thug image is of someone in prison, which is what it is. Criminals receive a one size fits all outfits when they are brought to the jail. Teens try to re-create this prison image, but that is not the only thing they re-create. With the image comes the actions that comes with it. The same goes for the girls. No girl wants to put a belly shirt on or low cut jeans when they feel as though their over weight (http://www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/). This is when many girls become obsess with their bodies and become anorexic. All over the television you see young girls and women portrayed as femme fatale, supermom, or sex kitten (http://www.suite101.com/content/advertising-to-teens-a14289). It does not matter the role the women still looks good and gets what she wants in the end. These portrayals are what pushes them to join health clubs and attempt the fashion body as well as the anorexia. Both the thug image and the image of the you ng girls have something today with the crime since they are getting the ideas from the media. You are probably wondering what does image and violence seen on television have to do with crime caused by the media. It has more to do with it then anyone of us can about. When a villain gets shot and he does not die on top of the cool thug look it is tell guys that if they dress this way or act that way nothing will happen. In 1982 NIMH report reinforced this conclusion, and many other organizations took part in viewing media violence this way as well (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). They saw media violence as a serious threat to public health because it stimulates violent behavior by youth (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). An example of this would be on New York channels during a one week of content analysis of prime-time output, there were 3,421 acts and threats of violence observed (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). When looking at the violent committed many of these acts were committed without any compensation for the action (http://www.enotes.com/juvenile-crime-article). Maybe that is why by the 1990s most researchers had arrived to the idea that the effect of media violence on aggressive and violent behavior was real, causal, and significant (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). Once they realized that media violence and aggression was a problem they need to figure out how to fix the problem and the long and short-term effects. Some of the short-term effects are thought to be due to observational learning and imitation (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). There is arousal and excitation as well as priming (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). Arousal and excitation are not harmful as long as the person does not start a fantasy about how a curtain girl should be. Long-term effects range from observational learning to emotional habituation (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). On the flip side some researchers see observational learning as a short-term effect. You have to remember that the reinforcements a person receives when intimidating a behavior are largely responsible for whether the behavior persists (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). Some how the consequences of sho rt-term and long-term effects are different. A good way to look at aggression is with a longitudinal study. In chapter three three we learned that that a longitudinal study is where people measured at two or more points (Aron et. al, 2008, p. 86). In this study they surveyed sixth- and seventh-grade from twenty middle schools across the US on four different occasions (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). Two components of media violence and aggressiveness were measured for three thing a piece. Media violence was measured for assessing the frequency of watching action movies, playing video games involving firing a weapon, and visiting Internet sites that describe or recommend violence (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). Aggressiveness was measured by aggressive cognition, values, and behavior (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). What makes it on the graph is on the vertical line you have average effect size represented by r (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf /pspi/pspi43.pdf). On horizontal line you have five behaviors. Three have to do with aggressiveness while the last two have have to do with helping behavior and physiological arousal. There is also an standard error. Standard errors are shown in research articles as the lines that go above the tops of the bars (Aron et. al, 2008, p. 186). When they were done with the study they said that it was weak and that more studies needed to be done. That is where the meta-analysis comes in and the fact that maybe parents should play a bigger role. Meta-analysis looked at the methodological feature of the study in greater detail (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). When they did so they divided the study into two categories without using the methodological problems (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). In doing so for the five behaviors the best study was chosen to show how they affect each child. Here is an example of the graph from the article I got my information from. 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 Aggessive aggressive Aggressive Helping PH behavior cognition affect behavior arousal Parents have a big responsibility to make sure that their children are watching the right television shows. Even though there are some parents out there who do not care what their children watch there are ways to educate parents what these shows are doing to our children. A study done by Singer and Singer stated that when parents take an active interest in what their children are watching the child is more likely to tell the difference between realism and not (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). It has also been reported that when a parent restricts access to violent television there is a report of lower aggressive tendencies (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). We all know that when parents are involved children are less to get in trouble. Parents cant do all the work. The government and those who make the shows nee to take responsibility for what they make as well. Today efforts such as the V-chip and media education have been used to lessen the effects of media violence, but there is still not a stop. They talk about a gap that needs to be filled when it comes to some parts of the research (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). What they do know is that when you reduce exposure you reduce aggression (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf). Even with the V-chip and educating parents the media world is changing and so how parents protect their children from aggression will change as well. It seems like they will like to see the media world helping as well (http://www.psychologicalscience.org/pdf/pspi/pspi43.pdf).

The International Civil Aviation Organization :: essays research papers

The International Civil Aviation Organization Origin, Objectives and Achievements Introduction: Civil aviation is a powerful force for progress in our modern global society. It creates and supports millions of jobs worldwide. It forms part of the economic lifeline of many countries. It is a catalyst for travel and tourism, the world's largest industry. Beyond economics, air transport enriches the social and cultural fabric of society and contributes to the attainment of peace and prosperity throughout the world. Therefore, providing a cohesive, global form of organization for such activities is essential in ensuring their quality, stability and effectiveness. The International Civil Aviation Organization: I- Definition: The International Civil Aviation Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations, whose mandate is to ensure the efficient, safe and orderly evolution of international civil aviation. II- Origin: The International Civil Aviation Organization was first established in Chicago, U.S in December 1941, in the Convention on International Civil Aviation, which also formed its charter. The convention, also known as the Chicago convention, established rules of airspace, airplane registration and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to air travel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The charter document was signed on December 7, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois by 52 signatory states. It received the requisite 26th ratification on March 5, 1947 and went into effect on April 4, 1947. The convention has since been revised seven times (in 1959, 1963, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1997, and 2000). The convention states that the organization is made up of an Assembly, a Council and a Secretariat. The chief officers are the President of the Council and the Secretary General.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Assembly, composed of representatives from all Contracting States, is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reviews in detail the work of the Organization. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sets policy for the coming years and establishes a triennial budget. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elects the Council, the governing body for a three-year term.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Council is composed of members from 33 States who maintain their offices and conduct their business at the ICAO Headquarters. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adopts Standards and Recommended Practices and incorporates them as Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gives continuing direction to the work of ICAO. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Develops Standards, with the assistance of: The Air Navigation Commission in technical matters. The Air Transport Committee in economic matters. The Committee on Unlawful Interference in aviation security matters. A Standard: Is any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, material, performance, personnel or procedure, which is recognized as necessary for the safety or regularity of international air navigation .

Integration of psychology & theology Essay

The worldview of Christian counseling is that activity which delves into helping people grow constructively in all aspects of their lives through a caring relationship and it is done by counselor with Christian assumptions and values. Alister E. McGrath, in his book Christian Spirituality (1999) states that spirituality comes from Hebrew â€Å"ruach† which has a set of meanings from spirit, breath to wind. In counseling however it refers to the pursuit for an authentic and fulfilled life, that comprises; taking values of Christianity its beliefs and making them part of our life so that they provide the â€Å"spirit† , â€Å"breath† and â€Å"fire† for our lives . Epistemology refers to the study of source or origin of knowledge. In counseling this helps in knowing the nature of persons, their problems and realizing the appropriate ways of counseling them. Imago Dei simply means the image of God. This helps counseling to direct us toward the relationship us and God. We have the image of God and that is why we value others. Holistic counseling has something to do with mind body and spirit. In essence these are the salient components of a whole human being. Holistic counseling involves the trinity of health by providing individualized services and monitoring all areas of wellness and how they impact the others. Types of confrontation in counseling involve: 1) the personal belief system; personal attitudes, unique experiences, personal and cultural beliefs. This is how a person evaluates life, people and events. 2) Organizational belief system; this is personal beliefs of employees in different roles within the organization. 3) Objective standards; rules and workplace standards that make up objective baseline. 4) Factual reference base; factual knowledge, punitive measures, and realistic understanding of consequences. Therapeutic relationship interacts with particular strategies to hinder or attain a client’s objectives. The relationship is significant to effective therapy. The personality, character, church background professionalism and setting for counseling are very crucial ethical standards for practicing as a Christian counselor. Spiritual formation is a continuous process in Christianity. Hebrews 12:1 describes it as â€Å"running the race with perseverance. † This in essence is God’s endless grace in reality to mankind. The role of spiritual formation is to attract, care and build the clients in life groups Healthy sense of self has a lot to do with self esteem. Sense of self helps us communicate with other about our feelings. References -Alister E. McGrath. (1999) Christian Spirituality. New York: Mc Graw -McMinn, Mark R. (1996). Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christianity Counseling. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. 6

Venn Diagram

Visual tool to help students organize complex information in a visual way. The Venn diagram comes from a branch of mathematics called a set theory. John Venn developed them in 1891 to show the relationship between sets. The information is normally presented in linear text and students make the diagram to organize the information. It makes it easier when there is a lot of information, because with linear text it is not as easy to see the relationship.The Venn diagram is an important tool for dents because it is another way for them to problem solve in life. If you are presented with a lot of information that is confusing you can use the Venn diagram to organize the information and once you have the information it is easy for you to see it all laid out before you. This diagram is something that also helps students who are more of a visual learner. If you are able to put all of the information out in a diagram and then you are able to not only see all of the information, you are able to have it all organized in a diagram and right here for you to see.This method is helpful for all students, even those who are not visual learners. With the Venn diagram you are also able to see how the information relates to each other, as well as where the information does not relate. Have always found the Venn diagram an easy method of learning for lots of information. An example would be if you had a list of students who were good in math, a list of students who are good in English and then a group of students who are good in science and along with that list you have a sit of students who are good in all three subjects.

Computational Methods For Stochastic Differential Equations Engineering Essay

As more applied scientific discipline research workers areA trying to utilize Stochastic Differential Equations ( SDEs ) in their mold, particularly when affecting Fractional Brownian Motion ( fBM ) , one common issue appears: an exact solution can non ever be found. Therefore, in this paper, we test assorted Numerical methods in work outing SDEs with standard BM that have non-linear coefficients. In add-on we extend our consequences to SDEs with fBM Cardinal Wordss: Brownian Motion ( BM ) , fractional Brownian Motion ( fBM ) , SDEs, Numerical ApproximationsIntroductionStochastic Differential Equations ( SDEs ) affecting both Brownian Motion BM ) or fractional Brownian Motion ( fBM ) have been going more prevailing in applied mathematics and mold of assorted systems. Some illustrations of these countries, and non limited to them, are finance ( i.e Black-Scholes expression ) , webs ( i.e. informations transportation in wireless communications ) , biological science ( i.e. arrhythmia, encephalon signaling after a shot ) etc. In many of those instances, old ages of research and aggregation of empirical informations is performed in order to construct an appropriate theoretical account. More frequently than non though, the SDE that best fits the information is an SDE that does non hold a simple analytical solution. Therefore the demand appears for a consistent numerical method. In chapter 2 we cover some brief preliminaries about BM, fBM and SDEs that are indispensable for the numerical estimates we intent to utilize. In chapter 3 we will province the three different methods tested for numerical solutions of SDEs affecting BM, present the consequences of the three methods and place the best. Once we derive the best method, we extend it to SDEs affecting fBM and compare it to an already proposed strategy ( I. Lewis ) . In chapter 4, we province our decisions.PreliminariesWhat is a Brownian Motion ( BM ) ? The award for the find of the BM belongs to the Scots phytologist Robert Brown that originally described it in 1928 [ 1 ] as he observed it in the motion of pollen atoms drifting in liquid. The first one to really build the procedure was the Missourian mathematician Norbert Wiener in 1923. Ergo the procedure itself is besides referred to as Wiener Process. Definition 2.1 The procedure is a Brownian Motion ( BM ) if it is a procedure of independent Gaussian increases with zero first minute, i.e. a standard Brownian Gesture over is a random variable that depends continuously on and satisfies [ 2 ] : with chance 1. For, the random variable given by the increase is. For, the increases and are independent. Some basic belongingss that are easy attained by the definition above are: , from ( 2.2 ) , from ( 2.2 ) and ( 2.5 ) Besides, for we can compose: , that is for any we have that: Furthermore, allow and specify. Then and As we are be aftering to discourse Stochastic Differential Equations with Brownian Motion, we feel the demand to besides discourse the continuity of the procedure. To turn out continuity we refer to the Kolmogorov theorem as in [ 3 ] : Theorem 1 ( Kolmogorov ‘s Continuity theorem ) Let a procedure that for all there exist such that , for. Then there exists a uninterrupted version of X. A cogent evidence of the theorem can be found in [ 4 ] . For Brownian Motion, it can be shown [ 3 ] that, which by Theorem 1 we have that has a uninterrupted version. In fact, from now we will be mentioning to that uninterrupted version of.Figure. Standard Brownian Motion PathsAs one of the purposes is to look into numerical estimates of Stochastic Differential Equations, the following natural measure is to briefly discuss integrating in footings of. Though there are multiple attacks in assorted research documents, we are interested in the one shown by D.J. Higham in [ 2 ] as in it is more lined up with numerical estimates. Another side benefit of the attack above is that it provides an interesting connexion to Classical Riemann concretion. As such, remember the left end-point Riemann amount representation of the Riemann built-in given by , where , or utilizing the center First we set. Therefore we have from ( 2.7 ) that , by telescoping series. The 2nd term drops off as it is equal to nothing. For the 3rd term, we have that: Besides, the discrepancy of the 3rd term is of. Therefore by using bounds on both sides of ( 2.9 ) we get , which is the Ito Integral. By following a similar logic on ( 2.8 ) we get , which is the Stratonovich Integral. As explained by Oksendal in [ 3 ] , even though the two integrals look to be different, the pick of which one to be used is truly a affair depending on what belongingss the user is interested in. The more general and usual pick of normally looking into the Ito Integral is due to the fact that it is non looking into the hereafter, which is a belongings we care for in Biology. Besides Stratonovich is handled better under transmutations and particularly on SDEs on manifolds. On the other manus, the Ito integrals are martingales, hence deriving a computational advantage. As with classical concretion, we could non perchance use the above attack every clip we need to cipher a stochastic integral. The biggest discovery in Stochastic Calculus could perchance be due to Kiyoshi Ito. Lemma 2.1 ( Ito ‘s Lemma ) [ 3 ] Let be an Ito procedure given by Let. Then is once more an Ito procedure and , where is computed harmonizing to the regulations and The Ito Lemma, or otherwise known as the Ito expression, is the equivalent of a alteration of variable expression. One could reasonably easy notice from the construction of the expression that it stems from a Taylor series enlargement to the 2nd partial derived function in footings of the stochastic procedure. As an illustration, we would wish to corroborate the consequence ( 2.12 ) , i.e. evaluate. Therefore we set and. Then and by Ito ‘s expression we get , which leads to the same reply as ( 2.12 ) , viz.Preliminaries for fractional Brownian Motion ( fBM )Our probe will non be limited to the Brownian Motion and to SDEs with BM. We are interested in widening our consequences to the fractional Brownian gesture every bit good to SDEs with fBM. Harmonizing to [ 6 ] , the procedure has been defined in 1940 by Kolmogorov in [ 7 ] and its belongingss, i.e. self similarity and long term dependance, were developed by Mandelbrot and Van Ness in [ 8 ] . Another of import subscriber was the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst [ 9 ] . In his surveies on the Nile River, he observed through 800 old ages worth of empirical informations, that the H2O degrees had a long term dependence and self similarity. To depict that dependence, he estimated a parametric quantity, allow us name H, based on his informations. Definition 2.2 We define a Gaussian procedure with uninterrupted sample waies as a standard fractional Brownian Motion ( fBM ) with Hurst parametric quantity if it satisfies: , for all. Merely by merely looking at look ( 2.19 ) , it is obvious that we should see a trichotomy on the value of the power in the right manus side, more peculiarly at the value: For, , therefore is the standard B.M. For the increases are positively correlated For the increases are negatively correlated As we mentioned supra, two really of import belongingss of fBM are self similarity and long term dependance. Definition 2.3 A procedure is said to be self similar with parametric quantity if for each It is reasonably easy to see that for the procedure we can compose Therefore fBM is a self similar procedure with parametric quantity H and Besides, sing long scope dependance, allow. Then for and therefore the procedure is long scope dependant.Figure. Fractional Brownian Motion Paths with H=0.7Besides, we are interested in the undermentioned theorem as a tool for work outing SDEs affecting fBM: Theorem 2.1 if is with derived functions to order two, so a.s. If we let so we have the usual Ito expression.Numeric Approximation and SimulationsThe chief range of our work Is to develop tolls and methods that can be used to numerically stand for Brownian Motion waies, fractional Brownian Motion waies and SDEs with either BM or fBM. The intent of imitating the first two is so that we can utilize them as inputs in the SDEs in both instances of existent expressed solutions and numerical estimates. The intent to imitate SDEs comes as we can come close numerically their solutions in instances where an expressed solution can non be found. The plans used for this paper can be found in Appendix A. We will get down by specifying our mistake measuring expression. Definition 3.1 ( Error expressions ) Let be the existent values of X and the numerical approximated values of Ten at clip points. Then is the absolute mistake, is the comparative mistake, and is the mean mistake We use different signifiers of mistake measurings so that we are susceptible to misdirecting consequences. Next we deal with our attack to imitate the different procedures. The basic and common rule is to discretize the procedure as we are utilizing Matlab. Get downing with the standard Brownian Motion, we use its belongingss, i.e. the fact that it is a Gaussian procedure whose increases follow a normal distribution with average 0 and discrepancy equal to the time-step. Therefore we use a build-in random figure generator that provides us with a and we scale by, where is the time-step. For our work we considered equidistant dividers, i.e. , where T is the stopping clip and N is the figure of time-steps desired. Besides, we normally investigate our procedures on in order to cut down as much complexness and cost on the plan. As expected, we produce different waies of the Brownian Motion even if we preserve all the invariables ( Figure 1 ) . Though the writer ‘s original codification was successful, the codification suggested in [ 2 ] by Higham is slender and really efficient. We besides employ the belongingss of the fractional Brownian gesture in order to imitate its waies. The undermentioned stairss are needed [ 10 ] : Form an NxN matrix A whose entries are given by ( 2.19 ) , i.e the covariance of the procedure. Measure the square root of A utilizing the Cholesky decomposition method. Generate a 1xN vector V whose entries are from a standard Gaussian distribution Apply to v. A sample of five fBM waies with parametric quantity H=0.7 can be seen in Figure 2. As we now have tools to imitate both BM and fBM, we proceed to discourse the estimates of SDEs. We start by look intoing three methods for Stochastic Differential Equations affecting standard Brownian Motion as defined in [ 5 ] . The best acting method will be applied to Stochastic Differential Equations with fractional Brownian Motion. So, the undertaking is to come close the stochastic procedure fulfilling the SDE: on and initial value For simpleness intents we set and. So we get.Using the Ito expression to ( 3.5 ) we have that We now introduce the three methods: Definition 3.2 ( Euler Method ) For on the interval, the Euler estimate is a uninterrupted clip stochastic procedure fulfilling the iterative strategy: More specifically in our instance that we wish to use the method to ( 3.6 ) , we get: Definition 3.3 ( Heun Method ) For on the interval, the Heun method is fulfilling the iterative strategy: , where More specifically in our instance that we wish to use the method to ( 3.6 ) , we get: , where The rule behind the Heun method is really much alike to the Euler one, with the difference that alternatively of the procedure being evaluated at the end points, the trapezoid regulation is being used. Definition 3.4 ( Milstein Method ) For on the interval, the Milstein estimate is a uninterrupted clip stochastic procedure fulfilling the iterative strategy: More specifically in our instance that we wish to use the method to ( 3.6 ) , we get: The Milstein method is in a sense an â€Å" evolutionary † signifier of the Euler method. The basic difference is that one excess term is included in the method. Another of import comment is that the Ito-Taylor enlargement is used in order to deduce this method, hence supplying an order 1.0 strong Taylor strategy. Next we compare the three methods with the existent solution diagrammatically.Figure Simulations for N=1000 andFigure. Simulations forFigure. Simulations forTable. Table of Absolute MistakesTable. Table of Relative MistakesAs shown by graphs 3-5 we get the thought that the Heun method is non appropriate for SDEs whatsoever. In fact, the strategy seems to diverge one time BM is involved. Therefore it is wholly abandoned for our intents. In comparing the two staying methods, even though both seem to follow the existent solution, the Milstein strategy seems to hold a much smaller divergence from the existent solution ( Tables 1 & A ; 2 ) . The consequence is non surpris ing as both Euler and Milstein can be derived by using the Taylor multinomial enlargement to the SDE, with the difference that the Milstein strategy is of higher order. The one chief concern normally with higher order strategies, is the how computationally expensive it can be. Truth is though, that even a criterion place computing machine can easy run the plans in affair of seconds. As such, we further prove the Milstein strategy against the existent solutions of two more non-linear SDEs, viz. : , that has as an expressed solution Besides we test the SDE , whose solution is Our following measure is to widen our consequences to supply a method that works in SDEs with fBM. We besides compare numerically our method with an N-step method suggested by Ian Lewis in [ 6 ] . As with the Milstein method for SDEs affecting Brownian Motion, we apply the Taylor multinomial to the general signifier of SDE with fBM. Our consequence and suggested method is given by: One comment for our method is that if we set we get expression ( 3.13 ) which is the Milstein method for SDEs affecting standard Brownian Gesture. Proof: The Milstein Scheme for standard Brownian gesture can be produced by adding the term to the Euler method. In similar attack we have Measuring the last term we have: Substituting back in ( 3.20 ) we get For the numerical simulation, we consider the SDE with Its solution is given by Next we run a comparing of the drawn-out Milstein strategy to the existent solution of the SDE with. The result is really encouraging.Figure. SDE with fBM utilizing the drawn-out Milstein Method Table 5. Average MistakesIn a caput to head comparing with the method suggested in [ 6 ] , we resulted in an absolute mistake of nothing. After farther probe it seems that the two strategies are in fact the same strategy. The chief difference is that the suggested method in this paper is a much simpler look and non dependent on summing ups of ternary integrals.DecisionsWe believe that our methods for imitating Brownian Motion and fractional Brownian Motion is reasonably strong due to the fact that they are derived straight from the belongingss of the procedures. Sing SDEs with Brownian Motion, we reject the Heun method and take to either usage either Euler or Milstein method. The Milstein method is slightly closer to the exact solution, but the Euler method might be more appropriate for finer dividers on t. Finally we suggest that for SDEs affecting fBM, the drawn-out Milstein method should be used. R. Brown, A brief history of microscopical observations made in the months of June, July and August, 1827, on the atoms contained in the pollen of workss ; and on the general being of active molecules in organic and inorganic organic structures. † Phil. Mag. 4, 161-173, 1828. D.J. HIGHAM, An algorithmic Introduction to Numerical Simulation of Stochastic Differential Equations, SIAM Review, September 2001, Vol. 43, Number 3, pp. 525-546 B.Oksendal, Stochastic Differential Equations, An Introduction with Applications, Fifth Edition, Springer, 1998. D.W. Strook & A ; S.R.S Varadhan, Multidimensional Diffusion Processes, Springer-Verlag, 1979, p51. P. Kloeden AND E. Platen, Numerical Solution of Stochastic Differential Equations, Springer, 1992 I. Lewis, One Stage Approximation of SDEs with Noise Modeled as fractional Brownian Motion, Honors Undergraduate Thesis supervised by B. Pasik-Duncan, 2005 A.N. 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